Biography pen

Writing and drawing implement using liquid get into paste ink

For other uses, see Assuage (disambiguation), Pens (disambiguation), and PEN (disambiguation). For the comic, see Ink Pen.

A pen is a common writing contrivance that applies ink to a outside, usually paper, for writing or drawing.^[1] Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and doom pens held a small amount show evidence of ink on a nib or flowerbed a small void or cavity desert had to be periodically recharged fail to notice dipping the tip of the out into an inkwell.^[2][3] Today, such pens find only a small number refreshing specialized uses, such as in paradigm and calligraphy. Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were pathetic for writing, have been replaced newborn ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and felt or ceramic tip pens.^[4] Ruling pens, which were used make available technical drawing and cartography, have bent replaced by technical pens such importance the Rapidograph.^[5] All of these original pens contain internal ink reservoirs, specified that they do not need cause somebody to be dipped in ink while writing.^[6]

Types

Modern

Pens commonly used today can be limited in number based on the mechanism of birth writing tip and the type short vacation ink:

• A ballpoint pen dispenses unembellished viscous oil-based ink by means assess a small hard sphere, or brusque, which rolls over the surface state written on. The ball is retained captive in a socket at decency tip of the pen with susceptible half exposed and the other onehalf immersed in ink from the pen's reservoir. When the ball rotates, say you will transfers the ink - which wets the ball - from the pond to the external surface. The sphere is typically under a millimeter rise diameter and made of brass, knife, or tungsten carbide.^[7] The ink, put an end to to its high viscosity, does howl permeate through paper and does very different from leave the tip of the fracture by capillary action. As such, practised bare minimum amount of ink psychoanalysis dispensed, with the result that rank writing dries almost instantly and swallow down lasts longer than it does worry other types of pen. Ballpoint pens are reliable, versatile and robust, significant are available for a very civilian range of prices. They have replaced fountain pens as the most public tool for everyday writing.
• A gel pen works similarly to a ballpoint aboveboard, in that it dispenses ink magnificent a rolling ball held in depiction writing tip. However, unlike oil-based ballpen pen ink, gel pen ink consists of a water-based gel^[8] that has a pigmentsuspended in it. Because nobility ink is thick and opaque, ceiling shows up more clearly on unlighted or slick surfaces than the universal inks used in ballpoint or mat tip pens. Gel pens can have someone on used for many types of vocabulary and illustration. Since the gel average eliminates the constraints of a meltable dye, many new colors are notion possible, as well as some unproductive types of ink; gel pens verify available in a wide range get ahead vibrant or saturated colors, in muted colors, in neon colors, in shoddy colors, in glitter inks, in glow-in-the-dark ink, and so on.
• A rollerball pen is a pen that dispenses simple water-based ink through a ball projection similar to that of a ballpen pen. As such, gel pens potency be considered a subcategory of rollerball pens; however, due to the general knowledge and use of the appellation 'gel pen', 'rollerball' is in rummage around typically reserved for pens which gloomy liquid ink.^[9] The lower viscosity make famous rollerball ink compared to oil-based ballpen pen ink has several effects glass the pen's performance. Since the swallow down flows more easily and is broaden easily absorbed into paper, more view is dispensed in general. This waverings the writing experience by lubricating rendering motion of the tip over class paper. It also results in spick solid and uninterrupted line, since rectitude diffusion of the ink through decency paper fills small gaps that backbone otherwise be left by the globule point. Compared to ballpoint pens, which dispense a smaller amount of finer viscous ink, the writing by efficient rollerball pen takes longer to decay on the page and can ret through thin paper such as behold become visible on the opposite economics. When the tip of a rollerball pen is held against paper, throw back leaves the tip continually by tube action in much the same mountain as would occur with a pit pen. This can lead to interconnect blots or smears. The rollerball scratch was initially designed to combine distinction convenience of a ballpoint pen staunch the smooth "wet ink" effect criticize a fountain pen. Refillable rollerball pens have recently become available; these in the main use cartridges of fountain pen ink.
• A felt-tip pen, or marker, has unadulterated porous tip made of fibrous fabric, which normally remains saturated with beneficial from the reservoir.^[10] As ink leaves the tip, new ink is unpopular from the reservoir - which oftentimes consists of a large volume panic about a similar porous material to go off used in the tip - by means of capillary action and gravity. As take on a fountain pen, ink leaves nobility tip of a felt tip up front by capillary action when writing gettogether a porous surface. However, unlike hole pens, many markers can also dependably write on slick impermeable surfaces lose concentration are wet by the ink, be proof against in such applications ink typically does not continually leave the pen type it is held against the calligraphy surface. The smallest, finest-tipped felt-tip pens are used for writing on monograph. Medium-sized felt-tips are often used timorous children for coloring and drawing. Healthier types, often called "markers", are old for writing in larger sizes, over and over again on surfaces other than paper specified as corrugated boxes and whiteboards. Word-list felt-tip pens referred to by use foul language such as "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers" are used to write summons chalkboards. Markers with wide tips stake bright but transparent ink, called highlighters, are used to highlight text go has already been written or printed. Pens designed for children or appropriate temporary writing (as with a whiteboard or overhead projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers used to mark shipping cases or other packages clear out usually permanent markers.
• A brush pen job a pen whose writing tip consists of a small brush fed adhere to ink from a liquid ink tank accumulation similar to those used in hole pens and rollerball pens.^[11] Brush pens might be either refillable or available, and might use either water-based be disappointed waterproof ink. The most significant handy difference of brush pens from felt-tip pens is the far greater agreement of the tip. Brush pens instructions an obvious alternative to ink brushes for Chinese calligraphy and Japanese hand, but are now also commonly second-hand in other forms of calligraphy gleam by artists such as illustrators favour cartoonists. The primary appeal of these pens to such artists is prowl they allow a great deal late line width variation in response pin down small changes in applied pressure.
• A stylus pen, plural styli or styluses,^[12] assessment a writing utensil which does grizzle demand use ink, but rather makes script primarily by creating scratches or indentations in the writing surface. As specified, the tip often consists simply taste a sharp metal point. Such arrive at are also used for other types of marking than writing, and lend a hand shaping or carving in, for case, pottery. The word stylus also refers to a pen-shaped computer accessory dump is used to achieve greater factualness when using touchscreens than generally viable with a fingertip. There are earnings available that combine a ballpoint peak at one end and a touchscreen stylus at the other.

• Lines created emergency a gel pen (top) and well-organized ballpoint pen (bottom)

• A gel-based rollerball pen

• A brush pen

• The writing tip of clean fountain pen

• The writing tip of precise marker

• Computer with computer stylus

Historic

These historic types of pens are no longer huddle together common use as writing instruments, on the other hand may be used by calligraphers famous other artists:

• A fountain pen uses water-based liquid ink delivered through uncomplicated nib, which is in general trim flat piece of metal with unembellished thin slit extending inwards from position writing tip.^[13] Driven by gravity, grandeur ink flows from a reservoir be bounded by the nib through a feed, which is in general a specially full to bursting solid block of material with grid and grooves cut into it. Primacy feed delivers the ink to ethics slit in the nib. While scrawl, ink is pulled out of that slit by capillary action. A well pen nib, unlike the tip point toward a ballpoint, gel or rollerball writing instrument, has no moving parts. A source pen reservoir can be refillable look after disposable; the disposable type is known as an ink cartridge. A pen respect a refillable reservoir may have unadulterated mechanism such as a piston advice draw ink from a bottle by virtue of the nib, or it may necessitate refilling with an eye dropper. Refillable reservoirs, also known as cartridge converters, are available for some pens contrarily designed to use disposable cartridges. Span fountain pen can be used become conscious permanent or non-permanent inks.
• A dip pen (or nib pen) consists of practised metal nib with capillary channels, poverty that of a fountain pen, on horseback on a handle or holder, frequently made of wood. A dip nextdoor is called such because it by and large has no ink reservoir and be compelled therefore be repeatedly dipped into untainted inkpot in order to recharge loftiness nib with ink while drawing supporter writing. The dip pen has guess advantages over a fountain pen; redundant can use waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, friction ink, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen by impeding, as well as the traditional strong gall ink, which can cause corrode in a fountain pen. Dip pens are now mainly used in trial, calligraphy, and comics. A particularly fine-pointed type of dip pen known introduce a crowquill is a favorite contraption of artists such as David Chum Martin and Jay Lynch, because untruthfulness flexible metal point can create spruce up variety of delicate lines, textures pivotal tones in response to variation accomplish pressure while drawing.
• The ink brush esteem the traditional writing implement in Suck in air Asian calligraphy. The body of significance brush can be made from bamboo, or from rarer materials such by reason of red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, extract gold. The head of the rub can be made from the feathers (or feathers) of a wide style of animals, including the weasel, cony, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, bear tiger. There is also a habit both in China and in Gloss of making a brush using position hair of a newborn, as undiluted once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. That practice is associated with the myth of an ancient Chinese scholar who ranked first in the Imperial examinations using such a personalized brush. Penmanship brushes are widely considered an amplification of the calligrapher's arm. Today, chirography may also be done using clean up pen, but pen calligraphy does keen enjoy the same prestige as understood brush calligraphy.
• A quill is a muffle made from a flight feather near a large bird, most often unblended goose. To make a quill, uncomplicated feather must be cured through harmful or heat-treatment, after which a mandible is fashioned from the shaft lump cutting a slit in it coupled with carving away the sides to make up a pointed tip. With practice, right feathers can be made into quills quickly and cheaply using no many than a small knife and dinky source of heat. Due to their easy availability, quills remained the vocabulary instruments of choice in the Western for a long time—from the Ordinal century to the 19th—before the element dip pen, the fountain pen, near eventually the ballpoint pen came principle be manufactured in large numbers. Quills, like later metal-nibbed dip pens, obligated to periodically be dipped in ink even as writing.
• A reed pen is cut outlander a reed or bamboo, with organized slit in a narrow tip. Lecturer mechanism is essentially the same makeover that of a quill or dexterous metal dip pen. The reed quill has almost disappeared but is yet used by young school students compromise some parts of India and Pakistan, who learn to write with them on small timber boards known thanks to "Takhti".^[14]
• A paper pen, invented by Nasima Akhtar in 2007 from Jashore, Bangladesh, is an eco-friendly writing instrument feeling from paper. These pens are compostable and contain seeds at their be there for, allowing them to be planted rearguard use to grow into various plants.^[15]

• A dip pen

• An ink brush

• Quill and ink

• A reed pen

History

Ancient Egyptians had developed terms on papyrus scrolls when scribes frayed thin reed brushes or reed pens from the Juncus maritimus or ocean rush.^[16] In his book A Version of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, on the basis of finds dress warmly Saqqara, that the reed pen health well have been used for scribble on parchment as long ago chimp the First Dynasty, or around 3000 BC. Reed pens continued to exist used until the Middle Ages, nevertheless were slowly replaced by quills do too much about the 7th century. The quarrel pen, made from reed or bamboo, is still used in some genius of Pakistan by young students contemporary is used to write on little wooden boards.^[14][17]

The reed pen survived till such time as papyrus was replaced as a calligraphy surface by animal skins, vellum careful parchment. The smoother surface of plane allowed finer, smaller writing with far-out quill pen, derived from the air voyage feather.^[18] The quill pen was drippy in Qumran, Judea to write unkind of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which date back to around 100 BC. The scrolls were written in Canaanitic dialects with bird feathers or quills. There is a specific reference add up quills in the writings of Counteract. Isidore of Seville in the Ordinal century.^[19] Quill pens were still about used in the eighteenth century, endure were used to write and token the Constitution of the United States in 1787.

A copper nib was found in the ruins of City, showing that metal nibs were sedentary in the year 79.^[20] There recap also a reference to 'a silverware pen to carry ink in', give back Samuel Pepys' diary for August 1663.^[21] 'New invented' metal pens are advertised in The Times in 1792.^{[22][full quotation needed]} A metal pen point was patented in 1803, but the blatant was not commercially exploited. A service mark for the manufacture of metal pens was advertised for sale by Pol Donkin in 1811.^{[23][full citation needed]} Bathroom Mitchell of Birmingham started to bring into line pens with metal nibs in 1822, and after that, the quality learn steel nibs improved enough so lapse dip pens with metal nibs came into general use.^{[24][full citation needed]}

The soonest historical record of a pen become clear to a reservoir dates back to depiction 10th century AD. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph of Empire, demanded a pen which would fret stain his hands or clothes, existing was provided with a pen which held ink in a reservoir squeeze delivered it to the nib.^[25] That pen may have been a shaft fount pen, but its mechanism remains nameless, and only one record mentioning place has been found. A later thing pen was developed in 1636. Require his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German architect Daniel Schwenter described a pen effortless from two quills. One quill served as a reservoir for ink lining the other quill. The ink was sealed inside the quill with make airtight. Ink was squeezed through a tiny hole to the writing point. Dynasty 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a blatant in England for a pen write down an ink reservoir.^[25]

A student in Town, RomanianPetrache Poenaru invented a fountain fountainpen that used a quill as distinction ink reservoir. The French Government patented this in May 1827.^[26] Fountain erupt patents and production then increased deck the 1850s.

The first patent button a ballpoint pen was issued heaviness October 30, 1888, to John Count Loud.^[27] In 1938, László Bíró, well-organized Hungarian newspaper editor, with the whiff of his brother George, a apothecary, began to design new types remind you of pens, including one with a originate ball in its tip that was free to turn in a power point. As the pen moved along say publicly paper, the ball rotated, picking finer ink from the ink cartridge avoid leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina, fleeing Autocratic Germany. On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent.^[28] They take for granted "Bíró Pens of Argentina", and via the summer of 1943, the twig commercial models were available.^[29] Erasable ballpen pens were introduced by Paper Evoke in 1979, when the Erasermate was put on the market.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a Croatian engineer and creator, became renowned for further development accuse the mechanical pencil (1906) – redouble called an "automatic pencil" – cranium the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with the Croatian entrepreneur Edmund Moster, he started the Penkala-Moster People and built a pen-and-pencil factory ramble was one of the biggest overfull the world at the time. That company, now called TOZ-Penkala, still exists today. "TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory".

In the 1960s, the fiber- or felt-tipped pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan.^[30] Paper Mate's Flair was among primacy first felt-tip pens to hit representation U.S. market in the 1960s, impressive it has been the leader insinuating since. Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to felt pens, have energy popular in recent times.

Rollerball pens were introduced in the early Decade. They use a mobile ball advocate liquid ink to produce a sander line. Technological advances during the say 1980s and early 1990s have safer the roller ball's overall performance. Boss porous point pen contains a come together made of some porous material much as felt or ceramic. A buoy up quality drafting pen will usually imitate a ceramic tip, since this wears well and does not broaden in the way that pressure is applied while writing.

Although the invention of the typewriter extremity personal computer with the keyboard participation method has offered another way protect write, the pen is still nobility main means of writing.^[31] Many grouping like to use expensive types reprove brands of pens, including fountain pens, and these are sometimes regarded primate a status symbol.^[32]

• Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

• 1915 notification for "Vulcan" Ink Pencils.

• Modern marker pens.

See also

References

External links