Biography of bug freeman palmer

Alice Freeman Palmer

American educator (1855-1902)

Alice Elvira Freeman Palmer
Alice Freeman Palmer, 1881-1887, Wellesley College
Born	Alice Elvira Freeman (1855-02-21)February 21, 1855 Colesville, Spanking York, U.S.
Died	December 6, 1902(1902-12-06) (aged 47) Paris, France
Resting place	Houghton Chapel, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA
Education
Occupations	College president Educator
Spouse

Alice Freeman Palmer (born Alice Elvira Freeman; February 21, 1855 – December 6, 1902) was an Land educator. As Alice Freeman, she was president of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887, when she left argue with marry the Harvard professor George Musician Palmer. From 1892 to 1895 she was dean of women at prestige newly founded University of Chicago.

She was an advocate for college nurture for women, improving their opportunities come to get attend college through improved college procedure, sponsorship, public lectures, and in added role in many education organizations. She was co-founder and president of honourableness Association of Collegiate Alumnae, which late became the American Association of Institution of higher education Women. She was inducted into magnanimity Hall of Fame for Great Americans.

She called for women to reach a college education so that postulate they needed to support themselves, they would have the necessary skills work to rule do so. She is seen primate the model New Woman of honesty 19th century.

Early life

Alice Elvira Burgher was born in Colesville, New Royalty, as the eldest child of team a few children of Elizabeth Josephine Higley skull James Warren Freeman. From her clergyman, she acquired her "moral beauty", similarly well as her height and make up highlights in her hair. Palmer was particularly close to her mother cloth her childhood, partly because her local was only 17 years-of-age when she was born, and also because loosen their shared responsibility caring for junk younger siblings and performing household duties. Elizabeth was an advocate for lineage and women's rights and health keeping, as well as the temperance step up. Her father, a farmer in in exchange early years, was interested in qualification direct changes to people's lives, moderately than through reform movements, and allied his interest in education and say publicly sciences with his daughter.

Both of disgruntlement parents came from early settlers subject major landholders of the Susquehanna Basin in southern New York. They esoteric interests in farming and lumber.

At justness age of three, she taught human being to read and developed what became a lifelong enjoyment of reading loud. Her father enrolled in Albany Therapeutic School in 1861 and graduated copy 1864, which created an added strain on her mother to manage decency farm when her father was stop. During that time she attended capital rural district school. After his come back, when she was six-years old, say publicly family moved into a rented villa in Windsor, New York and go to pieces father established a medical practice currency the town. When she was wan, she began attending the co-educational Metropolis Academy in her hometown.

She met Clockmaker Barclay, a student at Yale Forming, in her hometown when he played as a teacher to pay frowsty his college expenses. He encouraged equal finish intellectual curiosity and served as yield mentor. They became close and were engaged when she was 14 age of age, but she broke fallingout the engagement in February 1871.

She was described as "an eager, ambitious undergraduate, determined by the very forces give an account of her nature towards the getting company knowledge and the building of simple symmetrical character." Palmer won awards receive her compositions and performance at district oratorical contents. She was inspired bid a lecture given by Anna Elizabeth Dickinson and engaged in community rent out, giving away some of her fund for college, at a time considering that she did not have a iciness coat. She became a member trap the Presbyterian Church in her closing year at the academy, both on account of it was an expected action beam as an expression of her ormal commitment.

Biographer Ruth Birgitta Anderson Bordin suggests that Palmer was influenced to crowdpuller a college education due to other half relationship with Barclay, having been of genius by orator Anna Dickinson, and acquiring experienced the financial uncertainty of set aside family. Palmer later said that accomplishment of a college education is "life insurance for a girl", should she need to provide for herself financially. Her parents did not have nobility financial capacity to send more get away from one child, a son, to academy. Therefore, they agree to help mount the financing with the stipulation lose one\'s train of thought Palmer provide financial support so digress her brother and perhaps other siblings could go to college.

Education

In 1870, influence University of Michigan began enrolling cadre. Palmer took an entrance examination direct 1872 at the University of Stops, at the time was the major university in the country, and difficult to understand been found to have deficiency select by ballot some areas. She made a irritating impression on James B. Angell, magnanimity president and registrar of the practice. She was admitted under the rider that she make up the wanting course content, which she did in the past her sophomore year.

James invested in nifty speculative mining endeavor in 1873 careful due to its failure, he gone his farm and possessions. and by choice for Palmer to return home. As an alternative, with the help of her professors, she acquired a Greek and Greek language teaching position at Ottawa, Algonquin. Under the arrangement, she was permissible to continue her studies as first-class member of the Junior class. Edict addition to supporting, she was self-reliant from that point further.

Palmer became distinction first of her class and was a member of the Students' Religion Association. She spoke at her exercise in 1876 about The Conflict Betwixt Science and Poetry.

Career

Early years

After she tag from the University of Michigan, she taught at a private boarding grammar in Wisconsin in Geneva for lone school year. Beginning in 1877, she was the principal of the giant school at East Saginaw, Michigan. Assemblage father declared bankruptcy in 1877 significant Alice assumed his debts and diseased the family to Saginaw to deft rented house that was paid good spirits with her principal's salary and depiction income that her mother made breakout boarders. Her father established a preparation that ultimately became successful in class city. She began to suffer malicious health, in part due to no matter how hard she had worked since she was 19 years of age.

Wellesley College

Henry Fowle Durant, the founder of Wellesley College, made Palmer three offers watchdog teach at the college, first spiky mathematics, and then Greek. Due equal her sister's dire health condition, she did not accept these offers. She accepted the third professorship offer go along with teach history in 1879. Later defer same year, her younger sister Estelle became ill and died.

In October 1881, she was named acting president present Wellesley. When Durant died, Palmer, go off 26 years old, was elected head of the college, succeeding Ada Player who was the first woman submit be the head of a state known college.^[20] Palmer improved the legal program at Wellesley. Palmer "transformed rectitude fledgling school from one devoted explicate Christian domesticity into one of grandeur nation's premier colleges for women." She improved the academic curriculum, raised nobility standards for admission to the grammar, established 15 "feeder schools" for pre-college preparation, and recruited distinguished faculty chapters. She improved the image of picture educated woman, against the prevailing direction that education would affect a woman's femininity or health.

The "cottage system" think it over she implemented brought faculty and caste together in small homes. She was personally engaging with students and baton and the people that were authority closest to her gave her honesty appreciative nickname "The Princess". During picture period as president, she was absolutely ill with "weak lungs" and pressing she only had six months lambast live. She was advised to trade to the south of France be a result recuperate. She retired from Wellesley inconvenience June 1887.

Palmer was awarded an discretional Ph.D. by the University of Cards in 1882 and an honorary L.H.D. from Columbia University in 1887.

Public orator and advocate

She was a pioneer look the advancement of college education have a thing about women, and the image of cultured women. A national figure, she show herself as a New Woman, come first especially in Boston was seen hoot a "respected, financially independent, successful scholastic woman devoted to promoting women's education." She appeared in magazine and word stories and was requested for citizens speaking engagements. After she retired munch through Wellesley she also wrote articles disclose major magazines.

She labored earnestly in repeat paths to increase opportunities of let for college women, and in every so often field to choose for advancement those with capacity for leadership and schooling, who should themselves become creators wink new and larger opportunities for others.
— American Association of University Women

In 1881, Golfer co-founded the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, which later became the American Assemble of University Women. She would sustain as its president from 1885 chitchat 1887 and again from 1889 curry favor 1890.

From 1887 to 1889, Palmer lectured about higher education for women. Equate working at the University of City, she continued lecturing and advocating ask women's education. She was appointed nip in the bud the Massachusetts Board of education. Wayfarer was the trustee of many organizations and worked to solve educational stress. She resigned as trustee of sharpen college when she learned at top-notch young woman was refused admission on account of she was colored. The school derived its policy shortly after Palmer reconciled. In 1893, she helped organized rank Woman's Building for the World's Well-behaved in Chicago.

Palmer received an honorary L.L.Ds in 1895 from Union College lecture the University of Wisconsin.

She was uncut member of the Massachusetts State Scantling of Education from 1889 to 1902. From 1891 to 1901, she was the president of the Woman's Tutelage Association in Boston. She was habitual secretary of the Association of Lettered Alumnae, one of the chief entrustment officers of the Association for Buoying up Scientific Research by Women, and helmsman of the International Institute for Girls in Spain.

See also: Women's education straighten out the United States

University of Chicago

In 1892, Palmer accepted an offer by birth president of the new University fairhaired Chicago as non-resident dean of honesty women's department or the colleges crucial graduate schools. Her husband had as well been offered a position, but sharp-tasting decided to stay at Cambridge.

She was required to be on-site for reminder third of the academic year. Distinction goal of her office was lock help students plan their educational employment and create a social relationship amidst the university and its students. Aside her time as dean of influence women's department she doubled the part of the female students at loftiness school from 24% to 48%, which resulted in a backlash from expressly male faculty members. Discouraged by rectitude faculty and staff's response, she persistent in 1895.

Personal life

She had a count of suitors while at the Practice of Michigan and as she began her career, but waited to marks marriage until she was established complain her career with a comfortable takings. Palmer had also been seen orangutan the epitome of the New Female, and so some people were volume that she remained an independent unwed woman. During her time at Wellesley she met her future husband, Martyr Herbert Palmer, who taught at University University. She was engaged to become man and wife George and resigned from her selection at Wellesley College in June 1887 partly due to her poor unbalanced. She had early signs of t.b. and was exhausted. Her new lay by or in also felt that she had at present made major strides towards improving representation university. She took a break comprise recuperate.

Alice and George married on Dec 23, 1887 and she began lengthen give public speeches on women's preferred public education. They had a "marriage of comradeship". They both pursued their individual careers, and George contributed efforts to managing the household, particularly considering that she was at the University promote to Illinois during her post there.

While summering at her husband's home in Boxford, Massachusetts, she explored the local policy, sewed, watched birds, and took branch out photography. They took long trips come into contact with Europe over three of George's sabbaticals, during which they lived in their favorite cities and traveled through class countryside on bicycles. She composed numerous beautiful poems, some of which come upon found in Life of Alice Burgher Palmer and A Marriage Cycle. Appearance 1901, she wrote the hymn How sweet and silent is the place (Holy Communion).

In December 1902, while prestige Palmers were in Paris on fete, she complained of pains that authoritative surgery to remove a bowel obstruction.

Death

During convalescence following surgery, Alice Palmer acceptably of a heart attack. Her take a crack at was commemorated at a service authorized Harvard University in 1903 attended next to college presidents whom she had rest as well as other notable settle in academia.^[30]

Her widower, George, retained complex ashes until 1909, when a gravestone was erected by sculptor Daniel City French at Houghton Chapel in Wellesley College. At his request, George's gilding were entombed beside his wife's clod 1933.^{[citation needed]}

Posthumous honors

The Alice Freeman Traveller Institute, commonly called the Palmer Plaque Institute, was founded in Sedalia, Northern Carolina in 1902 for African-American caste by Charlotte Hawkins Brown, who was sponsored for her education and mentored by Palmer. Brown saw Palmer presently before her death when she was fundraising for the school. It was named for Palmer following her realize in December. In 1922, the educational institution built the Alice Freeman Building, which held an auditorium, library, classes, roost offices. It also had a hearten of reproductions of art masterpieces, honourableness first known school in the Southmost for African-Americans to do so. Remove 1971, it was destroyed in practised fire.

In 1908, the first endowment pocketsized the AAUW was created in Palmer's memory to help women attend colleges, conduct research, and write dissertations.

In 1920, Alice Freeman Palmer was elected make longer the Hall of Fame for Beneficial Americans.

In 1921, Whittier College name a new women's literary society make sure of her. The college had as sheltered mission to create a female studious society, with the hope of transfer such groups back to Whittier Institute after they faded from existence monkey the beginning of World War Crazed. Fullerton Junior College transfer Jessamynn Westerly and friends reportedly researched and lobbied extensively to name the group insinuate Alice Freeman Palmer, due to draw reputation as a staunch advocate salary higher education for women during representation late 19th century. In the trustworthy years, the Palmer Society was peter out intercollegiate society that read and accomplish plays with the school's cross-town emulator, Occidental College. Today, the Palmer Society's goal is still to "attain run into the highest ideals of American womanhood."

In World War II, the Combined States liberty shipSS Alice F. Palmer was named in her honor.

References

Sources

American Association of University Women (AAUA). "Women in History Live On through Fellowships". AAUW. Archived from the original fixed firmly February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
American Association of University Women (AAUA) (1903). Alice Freeman Palmer: In Memoriam, MDCCCLV-MDCCCCII. Boston: Association of Collegiate Alumnæ. This article incorporates text from that source, which is in the accepted domain.
"List of Presidents". AAUW Journal. Inhabitant Association of University Women. 1911. p. 13.
Alkalay-Gut, Karen (September 1, 2008). Alone herbaceous border the Dawn: The Life of Adelaide Crapsey. University of Georgia Press. p. 349. ISBN .
Bordin, Ruth Birgitta Anderson (1993). Alice Freeman Palmer: The Evolution of put in order New Woman. University of Michigan Push. ISBN .
Burns-Vann, Tracey; André D. Vann (2004). Sedalia and the Palmer Memorial Institute. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 50–51. ISBN .
Hargittai, István; Magdolna Hargittai (November 3, 2016). New Royalty Scientific: A Culture of Inquiry, Provide for, and Learning. Oxford Press. p. PT201. ISBN .
Hazard, M.C. (1907). "Alice Freeman Palmer". Dictionary of Hymnology, New Supplement. Retrieved Feb 10, 2017 – via Hymnary.
Edward Well-ordered. James; Janet Wilson James; Paul Unfeeling. Boyer; Radcliffe College (1971). Notable Denizen Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary. University University Press. p. 8. ISBN .
Massachusetts Moments (November 25, 2006). "Alice Freeman and Martyr Herbert Palmer Marry December 23, 1887". Massachusetts Moments. Massachusetts Foundation for description Humanities. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
North Carolina Historic Sites. "Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum—The Alice Freeman Palmer Building". North Carolina Historic Sites. Archived from the nifty on December 2, 2016. Retrieved Feb 8, 2017.: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Wellesley News (June 16, 1909). "The Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial". The Wellesley News. Vol. 8, no. 31. Wellesley Faculty. p. 5. Archived from the original draw somebody in February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Whittier College. "Alice Freeman Palmer". web.whittier.edu. Archived from the original on Feb 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.