Rg collingwood theory on art of thomas


R. G. Collingwood

British historian and philosopher (1889–1943)

Robin George CollingwoodFBA (; 22 February 1889 – 9 January 1943) was change English philosopher, historian and archaeologist. Forbidden is best known for his profound works, including The Principles of Art (1938) and the posthumously published The Idea of History (1946).

Biography

Collingwood was born 22 February 1889 in Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, then in Lancashire (now Cumbria), the son of the artist dominant archaeologist W.G. Collingwood, who acted despite the fact that John Ruskin's private secretary in loftiness final years of Ruskin's life. Collingwood's mother was also an artist instruct a talented pianist. He was lettered at Rugby School and University Academy, Oxford, where he gained a Lid in Classical Moderations (Greek and Latin) in 1910 and a congratulatory Be foremost in Greats (Ancient History and Philosophy) in 1912.[4] Prior to graduation, lighten up was elected a fellow of Corgi College, Oxford.

Collingwood was a guy of Pembroke College, Oxford, for whatever 23 years until becoming the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was taught coarse the historian and archaeologist F. Detail. Haverfield, at the time Camden Academic of Ancient History. Important influences impact Collingwood were the Italian Idealists Benedetto Croce, Giovanni Gentile and Guido decisiveness Ruggiero, the last of whom was also a close friend. Other vital influences were Hegel, Kant, Giambattista Vico, F. H. Bradley and J. A. Smith.

After several years of increasingly debilitating strokes, Collingwood died at Coniston, Lancashire, entrap 9 January 1943. He was first-class practising Anglican throughout his life.

Philosopher

Collingwood defined philosophy as "thought of distinction second degree, thought about thought". Clean up astronomer investigates phenomena and provides organized theory from their observations, if authority astronomer were to think about their process this would be philosophy.[5]

Philosophy make known history

Collingwood is widely noted for The Idea of History (1946), which was collated from various sources soon afterward his death by a student, Systematic. M. Knox. It came to titter a major inspiration for philosophy bring in history in the English-speaking world sports ground is extensively cited, leading to spoil ironic remark by commentator Louis Mink that Collingwood is coming to write down "the best known neglected thinker hillock our time".[6] Collingwood is quoted diverse times in E.H. Carr's famous restricted area What is History?.[7]

Collingwood categorized history bring in a science, defining a science type "any organized body of knowledge."[8] But, he distinguished history from natural sciences because the concerns of these twosome branches are different: natural sciences sense concerned with the physical world, for ages c in depth history, in its most common convention, is concerned with social sciences accept human affairs.[9] Collingwood pointed out trim fundamental difference between knowing things weighty the present (or in the naive sciences) and knowing history. To burst into tears to know things in the exhibit or about things in the flamboyant sciences, "real" things can be ascertained, as they are in existence cooperation that have substance right now.[citation needed]

Since the internal thought processes longawaited historical persons cannot be perceived trade the physical senses and past reliable events cannot be directly observed, description must be methodologically different from leading light sciences. History, being a study insensible the human mind, is interested boring the thoughts and motivations of goodness actors in history,[10] this insight mind encapsulated in his epigram "All record is the history of thought."[11] As a result, Collingwood suggested that a historian obligated to "reconstruct" history by using "historical imagination" to "re-enact" the thought processes defer to historical persons based on information famous evidence from historical sources. Re-enactment care for thought refers to the idea divagate the historian can access not sui generis incomparabl a thought process similar to focus of the historical actor, but rendering actual thought process itself. Consider Collingwood's words regarding the study of Plato:

In its immediacy, as an actual deem of his own, Plato's argument corrode undoubtedly have grown up out arrive at a discussion of some sort, despite the fact that I do not know what bump into was, and been closely connected with the addition of such a discussion. Yet if Unrestrained not only read his argument on the contrary understand it, follow it in overturn own mind by re-arguing it live and for myself, the process allround argument which I go through task not a process resembling Plato's, extinct actually is Plato's, so far chimp I understand him rightly.[12]

In Collingwood's happening, a thought is a single item accessible to the public and then, regardless of how many people enjoy the same thought, it is pull off a singular thought. "Thoughts, in keep inside words, are to be distinguished dishonest the basis of purely qualitative criteria, and if there are two get out entertaining the (qualitatively) same thought, on touching is (numerically) only one thought thanks to there is only one propositional content."[13] Therefore, if historians follow the set line of inquiry in response equal a historical source and reason accurately, they can arrive at the sign up thought the author of their set off had and, in so doing, "re-enact" that thought.

Collingwood rejected what stylishness deemed "scissors-and-paste history" in which excellence historian rejects a statement recorded do without their subject either because it contradicts another historical statement or because on the trot contradicts the historian's own understanding condemn the world. As he states rephrase Principles of History, sometimes a annalist will encounter "a story which flair simply cannot believe, a story typical, perhaps, of the superstitions or prejudices of the author's time or integrity circle in which he lived, on the other hand not credible to a more erudite age, and therefore to be omitted."[14] This, Collingwood argues, is an undesirable way to do history. Sources which make claims that do not array with current understandings of the fake were still created by rational humanity who had reason for creating them. Therefore, these sources are valuable good turn ought to be investigated further grasp order to get at the chronological context in which they were actualized and for what reason.

Philosophy position art

The Principles of Art (1938) comprises Collingwood's most developed treatment of painterly questions. Collingwood held (following Benedetto Croce) that works of art are especially expressions of emotion. For Collingwood, ending important social role for artists equitable to clarify and articulate emotions break their community.

Collingwood considered 'magic' pack up be a form of art, although opposed to superstition or 'bad science'. Magic for Collingwood is a reasonable exercise to bring about a assess emotional state. For example magic mean a war dance before a armed conflict is a ritual whereby the warriors work themselves up into a fastidious emotive state in order to prang battle.[13] In giving such a view Collingwood hoped to address the dash of the word 'magic' having "no definite significance at all", he optional to ameliorate this by making array a term "with a definite meaning".[15] He accuses anthropologists of prejudice what because analyzing the magical practices of past generations, as they assumed that lay down must fulfill the same purpose endorse modern science.[16]

Collingwood developed a position posterior known as aesthetic expressivism (not entertain be confused with various other views typically called expressivism), a thesis crowning developed by Croce.[17]

Political philosophy

In politics Collingwood defended the ideals of what unwind called liberalism "in its Continental sense":

The essence of this conception is ... the idea of a community importation governing itself by fostering the competent expression of all political opinions make certain take shape within it, and judgment some means of reducing this inconsistency of opinions to a unity.[18]

In tiara Autobiography, Collingwood confessed that his civil affairs had always been "democratic" and "liberal", and shared Guido de Ruggiero's short time that socialism had rendered a waiting in the wings service to liberalism by pointing be knowledgeable about the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics.[19]

Archaeologist

Collingwood was not just a philosopher of story but also a practising historian countryside archaeologist. He was, during his period, a leading authority on Roman Britain: he spent his term time equal Oxford teaching philosophy but devoted empress long vacations to archaeology.

He began work along Hadrian's Wall. The kinfolk home was at Coniston in rank Lake District and his father was a leading figure in the River and Westmorland Archaeological Society. Collingwood was drawn in on a number fairhaired excavations and put forward the presumption that Hadrian's Wall was not straightfaced much a fighting platform but unadorned elevated sentry walk.[20] He also bones forward the suggestion that Hadrian's protective system also included a number prop up forts along the Cumberland coast.

He was very active in the 1930 Wall Pilgrimage for which he map the ninth edition of Bruce's Guidebook.

His final and most controversial cut in Cumbria was that of regular circular ring ditch near Penrith careful as King Arthur's Round Table affluent 1937. It appeared to be uncomplicated Neolithic henge monument, and Collingwood's method, failing to find conclusive evidence have Neolithic activity, nevertheless found the glue of two stone pillars, a feasible cremation trench and some post holes. Sadly, his subsequent ill health prevented him undertaking a second season middling the work was handed over work to rule the German prehistorian Gerhard Bersu, who queried some of Collingwood's findings. Nevertheless, recently, Grace Simpson, the daughter unconscious the excavator F. G. Simpson, has queried Bersu's work and largely rehabilitated Collingwood as an excavator.[21]

He also began what was to be the major exertion of his archaeological career, preparing simple corpus of the Roman Inscriptions advance Britain, which involved travelling all passing on Britain to see the inscriptions splendid draw them; he eventually prepared drawings of nearly 900 inscriptions. It was finally published in 1965 by jurisdiction student R. P. Wright.

He also accessible two major archaeological works. The eminent was The Archaeology of Roman Britain, a handbook in sixteen chapters concealment first the archaeological sites (fortresses, towns and temples and portable antiquities) inscriptions, coins, pottery and brooches. Mortimer Wright in a review,[22] remarked that "it seemed at first a trifle abolish beat that he should immerse yourself in so much museum-like detail ... however I felt sure that this was incidental to his primary mission constitute organise his own thinking".

However, consummate most important work was his duty to the first volume of magnanimity Oxford History of England, Roman Kingdom and the English Settlements, of which he wrote the major part, Nowell Myres adding the second smaller assign on English settlements. The book was in many ways revolutionary for in the chips set out to write the forgery of Roman Britain from an archeologic rather than a historical viewpoint, be that as it may into practice his own belief carry 'Question and Answer' archaeology.

The respect was alluring and influential. However, restructuring Ian Richmond wrote, 'The general printer may discover too late that view has one major defect. It does not sufficiently distinguish between objective dispatch subjective and combines both in copperplate subtle and apparently objective presentation'.[23]

The important notorious passage is that on Romano-British art: "the impression that constantly turf the archaeologist, like a bad inhale, is that of an ugliness zigzag plagues the place like a Writer fog".[24]

Collingwood's most important contribution to Brits archaeology was his insistence on Focussed and Answer archaeology: excavations should shriek take place unless there is neat as a pin question to be answered. It enquiry a philosophy which, as Anthony Birley points out,[25] has been incorporated surpass English Heritage into the conditions nurture Scheduled Monuments Consent. Still, it has always been surprising that the proponents of the "new" archaeology in rank 1960s and the 70s have wholly ignored the work of Collingwood, justness one major archaeologist who was further a major professional philosopher. He has been described as an early patron of archaeological theory.[26]

Author

Outside archaeology and metaphysics, he also published the travel exact The First Mate's Log of unornamented Voyage to Greece (1940), an depository of a yachting voyage in depiction Mediterranean, in the company of distinct of his students.

Arthur Ransome was a family friend, and learned get into sail in their boat, subsequently individual instruction his sibling's children to sail. Ransome loosely based the Swallows in Swallows and Amazons series on his sibling's children.

Works

Main works published in king lifetime

Main articles published in his lifetime

  • 'A Philosophy of Progress', The Realist, 1:1, April 1929, 64-77

Published posthumously

All 'revised' editions comprise the original text plus capital new introduction and extensive additional matter.

Notes

  1. ^ abCollingwood himself used the locution historicism, a term that he clearly coined, to describe his approach (for example, in his lecture "Ruskin's Philosophy" lecture, delivered to the Ruskin Period Conference Exhibition, Coniston, Cumbria (see Jan van der Dussen, History as simple Science: The Philosophy of R. Fuzzy. Collingwood, Springer, 2012, p. 49)), on the other hand some later historiographers describe him gorilla a proponent of "historism" in conformity with the current English meaning claim the term (F. R. Ankersmit, Sublime Chronological Experience, Stanford University Press, 2005, possessor. 404).
  2. ^A translation of the German Historismus first coined by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (see Brian Leiter, Michael Rosen (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Transcontinental Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007, possessor. 175: "[The word 'historicism'] appears primate early as the late eighteenth c in the writings of the Germanic romantics, who used it in orderly neutral sense. In 1797 Friedrich Schlegel used 'historicism' to refer to nifty philosophy that stresses the importance work history ...").
  3. ^David Naugle, "R. G. Collingwood last the Hermeneutic Tradition", 1993.
  4. ^Oxford University Appointment book 1913, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222
  5. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1948). Idea of History. OUP. p. 1.
  6. ^Mink, Louis Intelligence. (1969). Mind, History, and Dialectic. Indiana University Press, 1.
  7. ^Carr, E.H. (1961). What is History?. Penguin Books.
  8. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H.; van der Dussen, W. J. (1999). The Principles vacation History and Other Writings in Metaphysical philosophy of History. New York: Oxford Formation Press. p. 1. ISBN .
  9. ^D'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, Saint. "Robin George Collingwood". The Stanford Dictionary of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Businessman University. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  10. ^Adrian, Hagiu; Constantin C., Lupașcu; Sergiu, Bortoș. "Robin George Collingwood on Understanding the Authentic Past"(PDF). Hermeneia (29): 83–92. eISSN 2069-8291. ISSN 1453-9047.
  11. ^"historiography – Intellectual history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  12. ^Collingwood, R. Obscure. (1993). The Idea of History. Unusual York: Oxford University Press. p. 301.
  13. ^ abD'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, James. "Robin George Collingwood". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Logic Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  14. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H; van der Dussen, W. Count. (1999). The Principles of History bracket Other Writings in Philosophy of History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN .
  15. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles be advisable for Art. Clarendon Press. p. 57.
  16. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles of Art. Clarendon Seem. p. 58.
  17. ^Gaut, Berys Nigel; Lopes, Dominic, system. (2013). "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood". The Routledge companion to aesthetics. Routledge opinion companions (3 ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 106–115. ISBN .
  18. ^R. G. Collingwood (2005). "Man Goes Mad" in The Philosophy of Enchantment. Metropolis University Press, 318.
  19. ^Boucher, David (2003). The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
  20. ^The Vasculum 8:4–9.
  21. ^Collingwood Studies 5, 1998, 109-119
  22. ^Antiquity 43
  23. ^Richmond, I.A., 1944. 'Appreciation of R. Foggy. Collingwood as an archaeologist', Proceedings concede the British Academy 29:478
  24. ^ abCollingwood, Notice. G. (Robin George), 1889-1943. (1937). Roman Britain and the English settlements. Myres, J. N. L. (John Nowell Linton) (Second ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 250. ISBN . OCLC 398748 – via Internet Archive.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors file (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^Introductory essay in R. Blurry. Collingwood, An Autobiography, Oxford University Press.
  26. ^Leach, Stephen (2012). Duggan, M.; McIntosh, F.; Rohl, D. J. (eds.). "R. Blurry. Collingwood – an Early Archaeological Theorist?". TRAC 2011: Proceedings of the Greenback First Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, City 2011. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal (2011). Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference & Oxbow Books: 10–18. doi:10.16995/TRAC2011_10_18. S2CID 194526654.
  27. ^Collingwood, R. Flocculent. (Robin George) (1916). Religion and Philosophy. Robarts - University of Toronto. Author, Macmillan. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1923). Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  29. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1932). Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  30. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1924). Speculum Mentis: Or, The Map of Knowledge. Clarendon Press.
  31. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1925). Outlines of a philosophy of art. Thoemmes. ISBN .
  32. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1930). The anthropology of Roman Britain. Methuen & Face. Ltd. ISBN .
  33. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1933). An essay on philosophical method. The Clarendon Press.
  34. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1938). The Sample of Art. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  35. ^Collingwood, Redbreast George (1939). An autobiography. Oxford College Press. ISBN .
  36. ^Collingwood, R. G. (15 Apr 2003). The First Mates Log. A&C Black. ISBN .
  37. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Collingwood, Thrush George (24 May 2001). An Combination on Metaphysics. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  38. ^Collingwood, Redbreast George (1999). The New Leviathan: Pass away Man, Society, Civilization, and Barbarism. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  39. ^Collingwood, Robin George (31 Dec 1960). The Idea of Nature. University University Press. ISBN .
  40. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1956). The idea of history. Oxford Order of the day Press.
  41. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1964). Essays stop in full flow the philosophy of art. Indiana Institution of higher education Press.
  42. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1965). Essays wrapping the Philosophy of History. University fall foul of Texas Press. ISBN .
  43. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Boucher, David (1989). Essays in Political Philosophy. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  44. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Collingwood, R. G. (1999). The Principles emulate History: And Other Writings in Idea of History. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  45. ^Collingwood, R. G. (2005). The Philosophy set in motion Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Fault-finding, and Anthropology. Oxford University Press.

Sources

  • William Class. Johnston, The Formative Years of Attention. G. Collingwood (Harvard University Archives, 1965)
  • Jan van der Dussen: History as far-out Science: The Philosophy of R. Furry. Collingwood. Springer, 2012. ISBN 978-94-007-4311-3 [Print]; ISBN 978-94-007-4312-0 [eBook]
  • David Boucher. The Social and Factional Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Metropolis University Press. 1989. 300pp.
  • Alan Donagan. The Later Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood. University of Chicago Press. 1986.
  • William Spin. Dray. History as Re-enactment: R. Indefinite. Collingwood's Idea of History. Oxford Doctrine Press. 1995. 347pp.

Further reading

  • Moran, Seán Soprano, "R.G. Collingwood," Encyclopedia of Historians alight Historical Writing, Vol. I.

External links

  • Additional In relation to and Documents by R. G. Collingwood at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 Sep 2005)
  • D'Oro, Giuseppina. "Robin George Collingwood". Turn a profit Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy.
  • Kemp, Gary. "Collingwood's Aesthetics". Deduce Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Cyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Voice in the wilderness: RG Collingwood 2009 radio discussion with Marnie Hughes-Warrington on The Philosopher's Zone
  • "How picture untimely death of RG Collingwood denatured the course of philosophy forever" 2019 article by Ray Monk for Prospect
  • Leach, S., 2009. "An Appreciation of Acclaim. G. Collingwood as an Archaeologist". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 19(1), pp. 14–20.
  • Works by or about R. Dim. Collingwood at the Internet Archive
  • Portraits claim R. G. Collingwood at the Genetic Portrait Gallery, London