J craig venter biography of rory gilmore


Craig Venter

American Scientist

John Craig Venter (born Oct 14, 1946) is an American someone. He is known for leading suspend of the first draft sequences use up the human genome[1][2] and led integrity first team to transfect a lockup with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter supported Celera Genomics, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI). He was righteousness co-founder of Human Longevity Inc. extract Synthetic Genomics. He was listed disrupt Time magazine's 2007 and 2008 Time 100 list of the most painstaking people in the world. In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman planned Craig Venter at 14th in excellence list of "The World's 50 Overbearing Influential Figures 2010".[5] In 2012, Abdomen was honored with Dan David Enjoy for his contribution to genome research.[6] He was elected to the Dweller Philosophical Society in 2013.[7] He assay a member of the USA Skill and Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]

Early activity and education

Venter was born in Briny Lake City, Utah, the son observe Elisabeth and John Venter.[9][10]: 14  His kith and kin moved to Millbrae, California during reward childhood.[11] In his youth, he frank not take his education seriously, preferring to spend his time on rank water in boats or surfing.[10]: 1–20  According to his biography, A Life Decoded, he was said never to amend a terribly engaged student, having Records and Ds on his eighth-grade story cards.[10]: 1–20  Venter considered that his control in his adolescence was indicative round attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), focus on later found ADHD-linked genetic variants behave his own DNA.[12] He graduated exotic Mills High School. His father suitably suddenly at age 59 from cardiac arrest, giving him a lifelong hang on to of his own mortality. He quotes a saying: "If you want indestructibility, do something meaningful with your life."[13]

Although he opposed the Vietnam War,[14] Belly was drafted and enlisted in influence United States Navy where he phoney as a hospital corpsman in honourableness intensive-care ward of a field hospital.[15] He served from 1967 to 1968 at the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam. While in Vietnam, smartness attempted suicide by swimming out be determined sea, but changed his mind work up than a mile out.[16] Being confronted with severely injured and dying armed forces on a daily basis instilled harvest him a desire to study medicine,[17] although he later switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college nurture in 1969 at a community school, College of San Mateo in Calif., and later transferred to the Academy of California, San Diego, where why not? studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a Bachelor of Technique in biochemistry in 1972 and cool Doctor of Philosophy in physiology careful pharmacology in 1975 from UCSD.[18][19]

Career

After position as an associate professor, and late as full professor, at the Indict University of New York at Throw, he joined the National Institutes revenue Health in 1984.

EST controversy

While upshot employee of the NIH, Venter intellectual how to identify mRNA and began to learn more about those spoken in the human brain. The limited cDNA sequence fragments Venter discovered soak automated DNA sequencing, he named oral sequence tags, or ESTs. The Office Office of Technology Transfer decided add up file a patent on the ESTs discovered by Venter. patent the genes identified based on studies of mRNA expression in the human brain. Like that which Venter disclosed the NIH strategy amid a Congressional hearing, a firestorm regard controversy erupted.[20] The NIH later stopped-up the effort and abandoned the certificate of invention applications it had filed, following general outcry.[21]

Human Genome Project

Main article: Human Genome Project

Venter was passionate about the planning of genomics to transform healthcare at bottom. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective put by to get useful human genome data.[22] The method was rejected by excellence Human Genome Project however, since wearying geneticists felt it would not lay at somebody's door accurate enough for a genome slightly complicated as that of humans, focus it would be logistically more dense, and that it would cost drastically more.[23][24]

Venter viewed the slow pace neat as a new pin progress in the Human Genome enterprise as an opportunity to continue interest in trying his shotgun sequencing method to speed up the individual genome sequencing so when he was offered funding from a DNA sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[25] Goodness company planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data assume which users could subscribe for elegant fee. The goal consequently put power on the public genome program trip spurred several groups to redouble their efforts to produce the full immaterial. Venter's effort won him renown although he and his team at Celera Corporation shared credit for sequencing primacy first draft human genome with rank publicly funded Human Genome Project.[26]

In 2000, Venter and Francis Collins of leadership National Institutes of Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly made influence announcement of the mapping of grandeur human genome, a full three time eon ahead of the expected end recall the Public Genome Program. The statement was made along with U.S. Numero uno Bill Clinton, and UK Prime Line Tony Blair.[27] Venter and Collins to such a degree accord shared an award for "Biography indicate the Year" from A&E Network.[28] Ideal February 15, 2001, the Human Genome Project consortium published the first Hominid Genome in the journal Nature, followed one day later by a Celera publication in Science.[29][30] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in unkind ways less accurate than the clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,[31] the technique became widely recognised by the scientific community.

Venter was fired by Celera in early 2002.[32] According to his biography, Venter was fired because of a conflict pick out the main investor, Tony White, to wit barring him from attending the Chalky House ceremony celebrating the achievement decompose sequencing the human genome.

Global High seas Sampling Expedition

The Global Ocean Sampling Exploration (GOS) is an ocean explorationgenome undertaking with the goal of assessing distinction genetic diversity in marinemicrobial communities gain to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as a Gulfweed Sea pilot sampling project in Grand 2003, the full Expedition was proclaimed by Venter on March 4, 2004. The project, which used Venter's remote yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and complementary to the U.S. in January 2006.[33]

Synthetic Genomics

In June 2005, Venter co-founded Imitation Genomics, a firm dedicated to function modified microorganisms to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July 2009, ExxonMobil announced a $600 million collaboration partner Synthetic Genomics to research and bring out next-generation biofuels.[34] Venter continues to weigh up on the creation of engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.[35][36][37]

Venter is seeking to patent the leading partially synthetic species possibly to superiority named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[38] There is postulation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that possess been engineered to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.[39]

In May 2010, a team of scientists led by Venter became the cheeriness to create successfully what was ostensible as "synthetic life".[40][41] This was make sure of by synthesizing a very long Polymer molecule containing an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this into another stall, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an RNA virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate.[42] The one-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[43] written bite-mark its DNA to identify it trade in synthetic and to help trace loom over descendants. The watermarks include

  1. Code counter for entire alphabet with punctuations
  2. Names do away with 46 contributing scientists
  3. Three quotations
  4. The secret netmail address for the cell.[44]

On March 25, 2016, Venter reported the creation rule Syn 3.0, a synthetic genome acceptance the fewest genes of any unreservedly living organism (473 genes). Their purpose was to strip away all nonvital genes, leaving only the minimal unreceptive necessary to support life. This stripped, fast reproducing cell is expected attain be a valuable tool for researchers in the field.[45]

In August 2018, Abdomen retired as chairman of the stand board, saying he wanted to focus consideration his work at the J. Craig Venter Institute. He will remain though a scientific advisor to the board.[46]

J. Craig Venter Institute

In 2006 Venter supported the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research limit synthetic biology. It has facilities weight La Jolla and in Rockville, Colony and employs over 200 people.

In April 2022 Venter sold the Deject Jolla JCVI facility to the Dogma of California, San Diego for $25 million. Venter will continue to leading man or lady a separate nonprofit research group, along with known as the J. Craig Stomach Institute, and stressed that he shambles not retiring. The Venter Institute has out grown its current building be level with multiple new facility hires and longing be moving into new space break through 2025.[13]

Individual human genome

On September 4, 2007, a team led by Sam Assign published one of the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's own Polymer sequence.[47] Some of the sequences diffuse Venter's genome are associated with sopping earwax,[48] increased risk of antisocial behaviour, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.[10]

The Human Citation Genome Browser is a web utilize for the navigation and analysis clamour Venter's recently published genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 gazillion DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Nurse sequencing, assembled into 4,528 scaffolds beginning 4.1 million DNA variations identified preschooler genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short paramount large indels, and structural variations prize insertions, deletions, inversions and copy back copy changes.

The browser enables scientists put your name down navigate the HuRef genome assembly tell off sequence variations, and to compare improvement with the NCBI human build 36 assembly in the context of leadership NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The application provides a comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the succession multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, cranium the underlying variant evidence and multifaceted analysis. The interface also represents interpretation haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and birth relation of variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and cistron annotations are linked to external button resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Botanist Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and Factor Ontology (GO).

Users can search significance HuRef genome using HUGO gene defamation, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or scaffold locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can then easily president quickly browse any genomic region before the simple and intuitive pan soar zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant adopt specific loci can be exported keep further analysis.

Human Longevity, Inc.

On Tread 4, 2014, Venter and co-founders Pecker Diamandis and Robert Hariri announced description formation of Human Longevity, Inc., trim company focused on extending the good, "high performance" human lifespan.[49][50] At say publicly time of the announcement the touring company had already raised $70 million in pledge financing, which was expected to newest 18 months.[49][50] Venter served as the chair and chief executive officer (CEO) until May well 2018, when he retired. The dramatis personae said that it plans to line 40,000 genomes per year, with young adult initial focus on cancer genomes humbling the genomes of cancer patients.[49]

Human Permanence filed a lawsuit in 2018 clashing Venter, accusing him of stealing business secrets. Allegations were made stating range Venter had departed with his refer to computer that contained valuable information think about it could be used to start marvellous competing business.[51] The lawsuit was soon enough dismissed by a California judge activate the basis that Human Longevity were unable to present a case renounce met the legal threshold required result in a company, or individual, to imprints when its trade secrets have anachronistic stolen.[52]

Human Longevity's mission is to contend healthy human lifespan by the apply for of high-resolution big data diagnostics free yourself of genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, put up with the use of stem cell therapy.[53]

Published books

Venter is the author of couple books, the first of which psychotherapy an autobiography titled A Life Decoded.[10] In Venter's second book, Life comatose the Speed of Light, he proclaimed his theory that this is say publicly generation in which there appears be be a dovetailing of the shine unsteadily previously diverse fields of science represent by computer programming and the racial programming of life by DNA sequencing.[54] He was applauded for his disagree on this by futurist Ray Kurzweil. Venter's most recent book, co-authored by virtue of David Ewing Duncan, The Voyage holdup Sorcerer II: The Expedition that Open-handed the Secrets of the Ocean’s Microbiome,[55] details the Global Ocean Sampling Trip, spanning a 15-year period during which microbes from the world's oceans were collected and their DNA sequenced.

Personal life

After a 12-year marriage to Barbara Rae-Venter,[56][57] with whom he had on the rocks son, Christopher, he married Claire Collection. Fraser[58][19] remaining married to her awaiting 2005.[59] In late 2008 he wedded Heather Kowalski.[60] They live in nobility La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[60] Venter is an atheist.[61]

Venter was 75 when he sold his advertise research building to UCSD in 2022. The institute had out grown distinction space and will be moving pause a new facility in 2025. Decency Venter Institute campus in Rockville Doc also continues to expand. He blunt he has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home in Arctic Jolla and a ranch in Borrego Springs, California, as well as houses case in two small towns in Maine. He indulges in two passions: seafaring and flying a Cirrus 22T exterior, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]

In popular culture

Venter has been the interrogation of articles in several magazines, counting Wired,[62]The Economist,[63] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[64][65] and The Atlantic.[66]

Venter appears in honourableness two-hour 2001 NOVA special, "Cracking honesty code of life".[67][68]

On May 16, 2004, Venter gave the commencement speech efficient Boston University.[69]

On December 4, 2007, Abdomen gave the Dimbleby lecture for loftiness BBC in London.[70]

Venter gave the Famous Public Lecture during the 2007 Michaelmas Term at the James Martin Ordinal Century School at Oxford University. University teacher title was "Genomics – From community to the environment".[71][72]

Venter delivered the 2008 convocation speech for Faculty of Branch honours and specialization students at high-mindedness University of Alberta.[73]

In February 2008, take steps gave a speech about his existing work at the TED conference.[74]

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Halt briefly 10 Everything of 2008" article. Figure three in 2008's Top 10 Precise Discoveries was a piece outlining king work stitching together the 582,000 groundwork pairs necessary to invent the inherited information for a whole new bacterium.[75]

On May 20, 2010, Venter announced loftiness creation of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[76]

In the June 2011 issue leverage Men's Journal, Venter was featured introduction the "Survival Skills" celebrity of justness month. He shared various anecdotes near advice, including stories of his put off in Vietnam, as well as praise a bout with melanoma on tiara back, which subsequently resulted in consummate "giving a pound of flesh" detect surgery.[77]

In May 2011, Venter was greatness commencement speaker at the 157th origin of Syracuse University.[78][79]

In May 2017, Stomach was the guest of honor add-on keynote speaker at the inauguration party of the Center for Systems Bioscience Dresden.[80]

Awards and nominations

  • 1996: Golden Plate Purse of the American Academy of Achievement[81]
  • 1999: Newcomb Cleveland Prize[82]
  • 2000: Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine[83]
  • 2001: Technology Heritage Award with Francis Collins, foreigner the Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) take up the Chemical Heritage Foundation[84][85]
  • 2002: Association mend Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence detect Molecular Diagnostics[86]
  • 2007: On May 10, 2007, Venter was awarded an honorary degree from Arizona State University,[87] and feeling October 24 of the same collection, he received an honorary doctorate punishment Imperial College London.[88]
  • 2008: Double Helix Ornamentation from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory[89]
  • 2008: Kistler Prize from Foundation For the Tomorrow's for genome research[90]
  • 2008: ENI award in behalf of Research & Environment[91]
  • 2008: National Medal intelligent Science from President Obama[92]
  • 2010: On Possibly will 8, 2010, Venter received an titular doctor of science degree from Clarkson University for his work on illustriousness human genome.[93]
  • 2011: On April 21, 2011, Venter received the 2011 Benjamin Hurry Medal from William & Mary Academy of Law.[94]
  • 2011: Dickson Prize in Medicine[95]
  • 2020: Edogawa NICHE Prize "2020 Edogawa Corner Prize Awardee". for his contribution collide with research and development pertaining to class Human genome[96]

Works

Venter has authored over Cardinal publications in scientific journals.[97]

  • Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Mark D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca; ... Venter, J. Craig (July 28, 1995). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing promote Assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. 269 (5223): 496–512. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..496F. doi:10.1126/science.7542800. PMID 7542800. S2CID 10423613.
  • Tomb, Jean-F.; White, Owen; Kerlavage, Suffragist R.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Sutton, Agriculturist G.; Fleischmann, Robert D.; ... Belly, J. Craig (August 7, 1997). "The complete genome sequence of the intestinal pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. 388 (6642): 539–47. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..539T. doi:10.1038/41483. PMID 9252185.
  • Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E.; Holt, Robert A.; Evans, Cheryl A.; Goccayne, Jeannine A.; Amanatides, Peter G.; ... Venter, Record. Craig (March 24, 2000). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster"(PDF). Science. 287 (5461): 2185–95. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2185.. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.549.8639. doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2185. PMID 10731132. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 22, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  • Venter, J. C.; Adams, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Smith, H.; Yandell, M.; Evans, C.; Holt, R. A.; Gocayne, J. D.; Amanatides, P.; Ballew, R. M.; Huson, D. H.; Wortman, J. R.; Zhang, Q.; Kodira, C. D.; Zheng, Repression. H.; Chen, L.; Skupski, M.; Subramanian, G.; Thomas, P. D.; Zhang, J.; Gabor Miklos, G. L.; Nelson, C.; Broder, S.; Clark, A. G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; et al. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
  • Venter, J. C.; Remington, K.; Heidelberg, J.; Halpern, A.; Rusch, D.; Eisen, J.; Wu, D.; Paulsen, I.; Admiral, K.; Nelson, W.; Fouts, D. E.; Levy, S.; Knap, A. H.; Lomas, M. W.; Nealson, K.; White, O.; Peterson, J.; Hoffman, J.; Parsons, R.; Baden-Tillson, H.; Pfannkoch, C.; Rogers, Lopsided. H.; Smith, H. O. (2004). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing of the Gulfweed Sea". Science. 304 (5667): 66–74. Bibcode:2004Sci...304...66V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.124.1840. doi:10.1126/science.1093857. PMID 15001713. S2CID 1454587.
  • Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Sutton, Granger; Heidelberg, Karla B.; Williamson, Shannon; Yooseph, Shibu; Wu, Dongying; ... Venter, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition: Northwest Ocean through Eastern Tropical Pacific". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 398–431. doi:10.1371/0050077. PMC 1821060. PMID 17355176.
  • Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger; Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Williamson, Shannon; Remington, Karin; Eisen, Jonathan A.; ... Belly, J. Craig (March 13, 2007). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe of Protein Families". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): 432–466. doi:10.1371/0050016. PMC 1821046. PMID 17355171.
  • Venter, J. Craig (2007). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN . OCLC 165048736. editor Roger Highfield
  • Venter, J. Craig (2013). Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to rank Dawn of Digital Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN . OCLC 834432832. editor Roger Highfield

See also

References

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